The article deals with development of changes in the age structure of the Czech Republic population within the time series 2001 – 2017, and possible impact of such changes on elementary economic factors, namely the gross domestic product and the unemployment rate. The time series of the age structure of the population were processed into three elementary age categories, whilst the target group to study the impacts on economic factors was the group of inhabitants in the age of 15 – 64 years. There were resolved linear regression and correlation analyses between the variables of the gross domestic product and the unemployment rate, and further a multiple correlation analysis showing the strong linear dependence of GDP on interaction of the variables of 'number of persons from 15 to 64' and 'unemployment' in this age category, based on the calculated correlation coefficient r = 0.798 .